1.
Verb Phrases
A
verb phrase consists of a main verb and its dependents, or auxiliaries. These
include complements, direct and indirect objects, and other modifiers. These do
not include the subject.
verb phrases composed of a main verb
plus auxiliaries, adverbs, adverb phrases (or clauses), propositional phrases,
or object. In a sentence, the verb phrase as the predicate function.
Example :
·
She has
taken the job. (Auxiliary has + main verb taken)
·
Mom is
making cake. (auxiliary is + main verb make)
·
He did
sing at the party. (auxiliary do + main verb sing)
·
He has
been coming late everyday. (auxiliaries has
been + main verb take)
·
She did sing
at bathroom (auxiliary do + main
verb sing)
2. Tenses
Tense is a
method that we use in English to refer to time - past, present and future. Many
languages use tenses to talk about time. Other languages have no tenses, but of
course they can still talk about time, using different methods.
So, we talk
about time in English with tenses. But, and this is a very big but:
- we can also talk about time
without using tenses (for example, going to is a special construction to
talk about the future, it is not a tense)
- one tense does not always talk
about one time (see Tense & Time for more about this
a. simple present tense
Affirmative
(Positive) Sentences
I
|
Am
|
You
|
Are
|
They
|
We
|
He
|
Is
|
She
|
It
|
I
|
Do / Don't
|
You
|
They
|
We
|
He
She
It
|
Does /
Doesn't
|
Rule 1:
After I, you, we, and they simple form of verb is used.
I like humberger
I have lunch at 12:00
I do exercise every morning
He likes banana
Se has lunch at 12:00
Rule 2:
After he, she it (3rd person singular) a final -(e)s is added to the simple
form of the verb
Ary speaks
English every day.
We watch TV every evening.
My boyfriend writes a letter to me
every week.
Sally and Tom study grammar on
Wednesdays.
My father usually leaves home at 8
o’clock in the morning
b. Negative
Sentences
In the
negative form of simple present tense, helping verbs (auxiliary verbs “DO and
DOES ” are necessary to use. After I, You, We They the helping verb DO NOT
(DON’T) is used with the simple form of the verb. After He, She, It the helping
verb DOES NOT (DOESN’T) is used with the simple form of the verb; -(e)s is
never used. It is only used in affirmative sentences.
Sam doesn’t
know French.
It doesn’t snow in Egypt.
They don’t have breakfast every
morning.
I don’t get up early on Sundays.
She doesn’t want to go to school
this morning.
c. Question Sentences
In question
sentences, the helping verbs DO and DOES are used in the beginning of the
sentences.The simple forms of the verbs are used: -(e)s is never used.
Does jane live in london?
Do you watch tv every evening?
Does your father read newspapers?
Do you linein town or city?
Does your boyfriend call you
everyday?
3. Simple
Past Tense
In general,
the Past Tense is used to talk about something that started and finished at a
definite time in the past.The main rule is that for every verb in English,
there is only one form of it in the past tense. (The exception is the Past
tense of To Be, which has two forms: was and were)
To Be –
Affirmative
Subject
|
To Be
|
Examples
|
I
|
was
|
I was tired this morning.
|
You
|
were
|
You were very good.
|
He
|
was
|
He was the best in his class.
|
She
|
was
|
She was late for work.
|
It
|
was
|
It was a sunny day.
|
We
|
were
|
We were at home.
|
You
|
were
|
You were on holiday.
|
They
|
were
|
They were happy with their test
results.
|
To Be - Negative Sentences
The negative of
To Be can be made by adding
not after the verb
(was or were).
Subject
|
To Be
|
Examples
|
I
|
was not
|
I was not tired this morning.
|
You
|
were not
|
You were not crazy.
|
He
|
was not
|
He was not married.
|
She
|
was not
|
She was not famous.
|
It
|
was not
|
It was not hot yesterday.
|
We
|
were not
|
We were not invited.
|
You
|
were not
|
You were not at the party.
|
They
|
were not
|
They were not friends.
|
To Be - Negative Contractions
The can make negative contractions of the verb
To Be in the Past
tense by joining the
verb (was or were) and
n't (e.g. were not =
weren't). We don't make a contraction of the
subject and the
verb
(e.g. I was).
I was not tired this morning.
|
OR
|
I wasn't tired this morning.
|
You were not crazy.
|
OR
|
You weren't crazy.
|
He was not married.
|
OR
|
He wasn't married.
|
She was not famous.
|
OR
|
She wasn't famous.
|
It was not hot yesterday.
|
OR
|
It wasn't hot yesterday.
|
We were not invited.
|
OR
|
We weren't invited.
|
You were not at the party.
|
OR
|
You weren't at the party.
|
They were not friends.
|
OR
|
They weren't friends.
|
* Notice that we don't have contractions for
To Be in Past Tense
affirmative sentences.
To Be - Questions
To create questions with
To Be, you put the
Verb before the
Subject.
Affirmative
|
You
|
were
|
happy.
|
|
Subject
|
Verb
|
|
|
Question
|
Were
|
you
|
happy?
|
|
Verb
|
Subject
|
|
Affirmative
|
Question
|
I was late
|
Was I late?
|
You were sick.
|
Were you sick?
|
He was surprised.
|
Was he surprised?
|
She was from Italy.
|
Was she from Italy?
|
It was a big house.
|
Was it a big house?
|
We were ready.
|
Were we ready?
|
You were early.
|
Were you early?
|
They were busy.
|
Were they busy?
|
To Be - Short Answers
In spoken English, we usually give short answers in response to questions.
Was he from Japan? - Yes, he was (from Japan). The last part (from Japan) is
not necessary. We use shorts answers to avoid repetition, when the meaning is
clear.
Question
|
Short Answers**
|
Short Answers
|
Was I late?
|
Yes, you were.
|
No, you weren't.
|
Were you sick?
|
Yes, I was.
|
No, I wasn't.
|
Was he surprised?
|
Yes, he was.
|
No, he wasn't.
|
Was she from Italy?
|
Yes, she was.
|
No, she wasn't.
|
Was it a big house?
|
Yes, it was.
|
No, it wasn't.
|
Were we ready?
|
Yes, we were.
|
No, we weren't.
|
Were you early?
|
Yes, we were.
|
No, we weren't.
|
Were they busy?
|
Yes, they were.
|
No, they weren't.
|
** With
To Be, We don't use contractions in
affirmative short
answers.
http://www.grammar.cl/english/past-tense.htm
4.
Simple Future tenses
The FUTURE TENSE indicates that an action is in the future relative to the
speaker or writer. There are no inflected forms for the future in English
(nothing like those -ed or -s endings in the other tenses). Instead, the future
tense employs the helping verbs will or shall with the base form of the verb
There are several different ways in English that you can talk about the
future. This page is an introduction to the most important ones:
- Predictions/statements of fact
- Intentions
- Arrangements
- Scheduled events
Predictions/statements of fact
The auxiliary verb will is used in making predictions or simple statements
of fact about the future.
The sun will rise at 6.30
tomorrow.
In the year 2050 all students will
have their own computers in school.
If you help me, I will help you.
Do you think she will come soon?
I know my parents won't let me go
to the party.
Will it snow for Christmas?
Intentions
The auxiliary verb going to is used in talking about intentions. (An
intention is a plan for the future that you have already thought about.)
We're going to buy a new car next
month.
I'm going to work in a bank when I
leave school.
In the new year I'm going to stop
eating so much junk.
He's not going to go to the dance.
He's got too much work.
I'm not going to watch TV until my
science project is finished.
Are you going to play basketball
after school?
What are you going to have for
lunch today?
Note: going to is often used in the past tense to talk about an unfulfilled
intention. Examples: I was going to study for my grammar test, but I had no
time. / He was going to call you, but he couldn't find his mobile phone. / My
grandmother was going to visit us, but she fell and broke her arm.
Arrangements
The present continuous tense is used in talking about arrangements. (An
arrangement is is a plan for the future that you have already thought about and
discussed with someone else.)
I'm meeting my mother at the
airport tomorrow.
Our grandparents are visiting us
this Christmas.
Sorry, I can't stay after school
today; I'm playing tennis with Jun-Sik.
My sister's going to the dentist
tomorrow.
I'm not returning home for the
holidays, so I can come to your party after all!
Are you doing anything on Sunday
morning?
Do you know if he is going to the
dance with Maiko next week?
Scheduled events
The present simple tense is usually used to refer to future events that are
scheduled (and outside of our control).
Hurry up! The train departs in 10
minutes.
I leave Frankfurt at 5 o'clock in
the morning and arrive in New York
at midnight the next day.
She has an appointment with the
headmaster after school today.
There's no need to hurry. The
train doesn't leave for another 30 minutes.
When does the meeting begin?
http://esl.fis.edu/grammar/rules/future.htm
a. singular Noun
According
to Barbara Dykes (207: 2007), Singular Noun is "of nouns or pronouns, indicating a
single number, i.e one only "(noun or pronoun that refers to single digits just one example). From this definition we know that the name of Singular Noun is a noun that refers to an object or a single. Singular Noun usually preceded by Article (preposition), a, an, one. example:
a. bag (a bag)
b. An banana (an banana)
c. One bag (one bag)
b. plural Noun
According to Barbara Dykes (206: 2007), Plural
Noun is "of nouns or pronouns, indicating a number that is more than
one" (noun or pronoun that refers to more than one number). From this
definition we know that the name Plural Noun is a noun that refers to more than
one object or plural.
c. Singular and Plural Nouns
Noun or noun has two forms ( form) words , which is singular and plural .
Singular nouns are used to show an object which amounts to a single or one ,
for example : a computer , a chair , a train , a player , a teacher , a taxi ,
etc. . While the plural nouns are used to show a large number of objects (
plural ) , eg : computers , chairs , trains , players , teachers , taxis , etc.
.
Singular nouns are generally accompanied by determiners (a / an , this , that ,
the ) , for example : a river , a castle , an idea , this book , the man , etc
.
Generally, plural nouns are formed by adding the letter s in the rear - noun to
be made in the plural , for example : boats , bats , houses , rivers , computer
, boys, girls , etc. .
Note the notes and examples of plural nouns formation follows below .
Nouns ending in - s , - ss , - ch , - sh , or - x plus the suffix - ice .
- Bus - > buses
- Glass - > Glasses
- Dress - > dresses
- Branch - > branches
- Church - > churches
- Beach - > beaches
- Sandwich - > sandwiches
- Witch - > witches
- Brush - > Brushes
- Flash - > flashes
- Box - > boxes
- Fox - > foxes
Nouns ending in - y , i then replaced with a plus - es .
- Baby - > babies
- Family - > families
- Story - > stories
- Fairy - > fairies
- Puppy - > puppies
- Housefly - > houseflies
- Library - > libraries
- City - > Cities
- Lily - > lilies
- Party - > parties
- Dictionary - > dictionaries
Nouns ending in - y which previously contained a vowel or vowel ( vowel ) , the
direct plus the suffix - s . Unless nouns ending in - quy , - y replaced with
an i then plus - es ( soliloquy - > soliloquies ) .
- Key - > keys
- Monkey - > monkeys
- Donkey - > donkeys
- Toy - > toys
- Boy - > boys
- Cowboy - > cowboys
- Day - > days
- Tray - > trays
- Runway - > runways
- Chimney - > chimneys
- Trolley - > trolleys
- Valley - > valleys
Nouns ending in - f , is replaced with v then add - es .
- Half - > halves
- Leaf - > leaves
- Shelf - > shelves
- Wolf - > wolves
- Thief - > thieves
Some nouns ending in - f , just added the suffix - s .
- Mike - > chiefs
- Roof - > roofs
- Handkerchief - > handkerchiefs
- Cliff - > cliffs
- Puff - > puffs
And some nouns ending in - f can be used as the plural in two ways above .
- Scarf - > scarfs or scarves
- Hoof - > hoofs or hooves
- Dwarf - > dwarfs or dwarves
- Wharf - > wharfs or wharves
Nouns ending in - fe , then f is replaced with v - s then added .
- Knife - > knives
- Wife - > wives
- Life - > lives
- Midwife - > midwives
Nouns ending in - o , just added the suffix - s .
- Video - > videos
- Hippo - > hippos
- Zoo - > zoos
- Kangaroo - > kangaroos
But some specific nouns ending in - o , if there is a plus made plural suffix
- es .
- Tomato - > tomatoes
- Potato - > potatoes
- Hero - > heroes
And there are also a few nouns ending in - o can be used as the plural in two
ways above
- Mango - > mangoes or mangos
- Mosquito - > mosquitoes or mosquitos
- Zero - > zeroes or zeros
- Buffalo - > buffaloes or buffalos
Some nouns change spelling if it turns into a plural ( irregular plurals ) .
- Man - > men
- Woman - > women
- Child - > children
- Person - > people
- Mouse - > mice
- Tooth - > teeth
- Foot - > feet
- Goose - > geese
Some nouns have the same form , either singular or plural .
- Sheep - > sheep
- Deer - > deer
- Fish - > fish
- Aircraft - > aircraft
- Salmon - > salmon
The word fish ( Collectively ) when used to declare the type ( individuals or
kinds ) then its plural form using fishes .
- The list of endangered species includes nearly 600 fishes .
Some nouns are always plural form , eg trousers , glasses , shorts , spectacles
, jeans , goggles , pants , scissors , tights , binoculars , pajamas , pliers .
Use a pair of to make it to the singular noun .
- A pair of binoculars -a pair of spectacles
- A pair of jeans
In compound words , nouns its (main words) used to form the plural .
- Mother-in -law - > mothers - in-law
- Passerby - > passersby
- Sister - in-law - > sisters - in-law
If there is no noun or noun in compound words add the suffix - s .
- Mix - ups - > mix - ups
- Takeoff - > takeoffs
If the compound words ending in - ful , just add the suffix - s .
- Cupful - > cupfuls
Noun form of numbers , letters can be a plural form by adding apostrophes ( ' )
and s .
- How many 3 's make- 9 ?
- There are two m 's in ' comma ' .
Some nouns are derived from outside the English language ( Latin , Greek , etc.
. ) Has its own plural ( irregular plural ) follows the language of origin.
- The nucleus - > nuclei
- Syllabus - > syllabi
- Focus - > foci ( focuses )
- Fungus - > fungi
- Cactus - > cacti ( cactuses )
- Thesis - > theses
- Crisis - > crises
- Phenomenon - > phenomena
- Index - > indices ( indexes )
- Appendix - > Appendices ( appendixes )
- Criterion - > criteria
- Analysis - > analyzes
- Axis - > axes
- Bacterium - > bacteria
- Parenthesis - > parentheses
- Datum - > Data
- Alumnus - > Alumni
Related Links
Parts of Speech
nouns
Common nouns
Proper nouns
Compound nouns
Collective nouns
material nouns
Concrete and Abstract Nouns
Countable and uncountable nouns
The Gender of Nouns
noun Endings
Agent , Recipient , and diminutive nouns
Compound Words
possessive nouns
Possessive ' s
The Function of Nouns in Sentences
noun Case
noun + noun
