bahasa inggris bisnis 2

1.      Verb Phrases

 A verb phrase consists of a main verb and its dependents, or auxiliaries. These include complements, direct and indirect objects, and other modifiers. These do not include the subject.

verb phrases composed of a main verb plus auxiliaries, adverbs, adverb phrases (or clauses), propositional phrases, or object. In a sentence, the verb phrase as the predicate function.

Example :

·         She has taken the job. (Auxiliary has + main verb taken)

·         Mom is making cake.  (auxiliary is  +  main verb  make)

·         He did sing at the party. (auxiliary do  +  main verb sing)

·         He has been coming late everyday.     (auxiliaries has been + main verb take)

·         She did sing at bathroom (auxiliary do  +  main verb sing)

2.      Tenses

Tense is a method that we use in English to refer to time - past, present and future. Many languages use tenses to talk about time. Other languages have no tenses, but of course they can still talk about time, using different methods.

So, we talk about time in English with tenses. But, and this is a very big but:

• we can also talk about time without using tenses (for example, going to is a special construction to talk about the future, it is not a tense)
• one tense does not always talk about one time (see Tense & Time for more about this

a.       simple present tense

Affirmative (Positive) Sentences

I	Am
You	Are
They
We
He	Is
She
It

I	Do / Don't
You
They
We
He She It	Does / Doesn't

Rule 1: After I, you, we, and they simple form of verb is used.

            I like humberger

            I have lunch at 12:00

            I do exercise every morning

            He likes banana

            Se has lunch at 12:00

Rule 2: After he, she it (3rd person singular) a final -(e)s is added to the simple form of the verb

            Ary speaks English every day.

We watch TV every evening.

My boyfriend writes a letter to me every week.

Sally and Tom study grammar on Wednesdays.

My father usually leaves home at 8 o’clock in the morning

b.      Negative Sentences

In the negative form of simple present tense, helping verbs (auxiliary verbs “DO and DOES ” are necessary to use. After I, You, We They the helping verb DO NOT (DON’T) is used with the simple form of the verb. After He, She, It the helping verb DOES NOT (DOESN’T) is used with the simple form of the verb; -(e)s is never used. It is only used in affirmative sentences.

            Sam doesn’t know French.

It doesn’t snow in Egypt.

They don’t have breakfast every morning.

I don’t get up early on Sundays.

She doesn’t want to go to school this morning.

c.       Question Sentences

In question sentences, the helping verbs DO and DOES are used in the beginning of the sentences.The simple forms of the verbs are used: -(e)s is never used.

            Does jane live in london?

            Do you watch tv every evening?

            Does your father read newspapers?

            Do you linein town or city?

            Does your boyfriend call you everyday?

http://www.englishanchor.com/FileUpload/op61747/File/tenses.pdf

3.       Simple Past Tense

In general, the Past Tense is used to talk about something that started and finished at a definite time in the past.The main rule is that for every verb in English, there is only one form of it in the past tense. (The exception is the Past tense of To Be, which has two forms: was and were)

To Be – Affirmative

Subject	To Be	Examples
I	was	I was tired this morning.
You	were	You were very good.
He	was	He was the best in his class.
She	was	She was late for work.
It	was	It was a sunny day.
We	were	We were at home.
You	were	You were on holiday.
They	were	They were happy with their test results.

To Be - Negative Sentences

The negative of To Be can be made by adding not after the verb (was or were).

Subject	To Be	Examples
I	was not	I was not tired this morning.
You	were not	You were not crazy.
He	was not	He was not married.
She	was not	She was not famous.
It	was not	It was not hot yesterday.
We	were not	We were not invited.
You	were not	You were not at the party.
They	were not	They were not friends.

To Be - Negative Contractions

The can make negative contractions of the verb To Be in the Past tense by joining the verb (was or were) and n't (e.g. were not = weren't). We don't make a contraction of the subject and the verb (e.g. I was).

I was not tired this morning.	OR	I wasn't tired this morning.
You were not crazy.	OR	You weren't crazy.
He was not married.	OR	He wasn't married.
She was not famous.	OR	She wasn't famous.
It was not hot yesterday.	OR	It wasn't hot yesterday.
We were not invited.	OR	We weren't invited.
You were not at the party.	OR	You weren't at the party.
They were not friends.	OR	They weren't friends.

* Notice that we don't have contractions for To Be in Past Tense affirmative sentences.

To Be - Questions

To create questions with To Be, you put the Verb before the Subject.

Affirmative	You	were	happy.
	Subject	Verb
Question	Were	you	happy?
	Verb	Subject

Affirmative	Question
I was late	Was I late?
You were sick.	Were you sick?
He was surprised.	Was he surprised?
She was from Italy.	Was she from Italy?
It was a big house.	Was it a big house?
We were ready.	Were we ready?
You were early.	Were you early?
They were busy.	Were they busy?

To Be - Short Answers

In spoken English, we usually give short answers in response to questions.
Was he from Japan? - Yes, he was (from Japan). The last part (from Japan) is not necessary. We use shorts answers to avoid repetition, when the meaning is clear.

Question	Short Answers**	Short Answers
Was I late?	Yes, you were.	No, you weren't.
Were you sick?	Yes, I was.	No, I wasn't.
Was he surprised?	Yes, he was.	No, he wasn't.
Was she from Italy?	Yes, she was.	No, she wasn't.
Was it a big house?	Yes, it was.	No, it wasn't.
Were we ready?	Yes, we were.	No, we weren't.
Were you early?	Yes, we were.	No, we weren't.
Were they busy?	Yes, they were.	No, they weren't.

** With To Be, We don't use contractions in affirmative short answers.
http://www.grammar.cl/english/past-tense.htm

4.      Simple Future tenses

The FUTURE TENSE indicates that an action is in the future relative to the speaker or writer. There are no inflected forms for the future in English (nothing like those -ed or -s endings in the other tenses). Instead, the future tense employs the helping verbs will or shall with the base form of the verb
There are several different ways in English that you can talk about the future. This page is an introduction to the most important ones:
- Predictions/statements of fact
- Intentions
- Arrangements
- Scheduled events
Predictions/statements of fact

The auxiliary verb will is used in making predictions or simple statements of fact about the future.

    The sun will rise at 6.30 tomorrow.
    In the year 2050 all students will have their own computers in school.
    If you help me, I will help you.
    Do you think she will come soon?
    I know my parents won't let me go to the party.
    Will it snow for Christmas?
    Intentions
The auxiliary verb going to is used in talking about intentions. (An intention is a plan for the future that you have already thought about.)
    We're going to buy a new car next month.
    I'm going to work in a bank when I leave school.
    In the new year I'm going to stop eating so much junk.
    He's not going to go to the dance. He's got too much work.
    I'm not going to watch TV until my science project is finished.
    Are you going to play basketball after school?
    What are you going to have for lunch today?

Note: going to is often used in the past tense to talk about an unfulfilled intention. Examples: I was going to study for my grammar test, but I had no time. / He was going to call you, but he couldn't find his mobile phone. / My grandmother was going to visit us, but she fell and broke her arm.
Arrangements
The present continuous tense is used in talking about arrangements. (An arrangement is is a plan for the future that you have already thought about and discussed with someone else.)
    I'm meeting my mother at the airport tomorrow.
    Our grandparents are visiting us this Christmas.
    Sorry, I can't stay after school today; I'm playing tennis with Jun-Sik.
    My sister's going to the dentist tomorrow.
    I'm not returning home for the holidays, so I can come to your party after all!
    Are you doing anything on Sunday morning?
    Do you know if he is going to the dance with Maiko next week?

Scheduled events
The present simple tense is usually used to refer to future events that are scheduled (and outside of our control).
    Hurry up! The train departs in 10 minutes.
    I leave Frankfurt at 5 o'clock in the morning and arrive in New York
    at midnight the next day.
    She has an appointment with the headmaster after school today.
    There's no need to hurry. The train doesn't leave for another 30 minutes.
    When does the meeting begin?
http://esl.fis.edu/grammar/rules/future.htm
a. singular Noun
      According to Barbara Dykes (207: 2007), Singular Noun is "of nouns or pronouns, indicating a single number, i.e one only "(noun or pronoun that refers to single digits just one example). From this definition we know that the name of Singular Noun is a noun that refers to an object or a single. Singular Noun usually preceded by Article (preposition), a, an, one. example:
a. bag (a bag)
b. An banana (an banana)
c. One bag (one bag)
b. plural Noun
      According to Barbara Dykes (206: 2007), Plural Noun is "of nouns or pronouns, indicating a number that is more than one" (noun or pronoun that refers to more than one number). From this definition we know that the name Plural Noun is a noun that refers to more than one object or plural.

c. Singular and Plural Nouns

Noun or noun has two forms ( form) words , which is singular and plural .
Singular nouns are used to show an object which amounts to a single or one , for example : a computer , a chair , a train , a player , a teacher , a taxi , etc. . While the plural nouns are used to show a large number of objects ( plural ) , eg : computers , chairs , trains , players , teachers , taxis , etc. .

Singular nouns are generally accompanied by determiners (a / an , this , that , the ) , for example : a river , a castle , an idea , this book , the man , etc .

Generally, plural nouns are formed by adding the letter s in the rear - noun to be made in the plural , for example : boats , bats , houses , rivers , computer , boys, girls , etc. .

Note the notes and examples of plural nouns formation follows below .

Nouns ending in - s , - ss , - ch , - sh , or - x plus the suffix - ice .
- Bus - > buses
- Glass - > Glasses
- Dress - > dresses
- Branch - > branches
- Church - > churches
- Beach - > beaches
- Sandwich - > sandwiches
- Witch - > witches
- Brush - > Brushes
- Flash - > flashes
- Box - > boxes
- Fox - > foxes

Nouns ending in - y , i then replaced with a plus - es .
- Baby - > babies
- Family - > families
- Story - > stories
- Fairy - > fairies
- Puppy - > puppies
- Housefly - > houseflies
- Library - > libraries
- City - > Cities
- Lily - > lilies
- Party - > parties
- Dictionary - > dictionaries

Nouns ending in - y which previously contained a vowel or vowel ( vowel ) , the direct plus the suffix - s . Unless nouns ending in - quy , - y replaced with an i then plus - es ( soliloquy - > soliloquies ) .
- Key - > keys
- Monkey - > monkeys
- Donkey - > donkeys
- Toy - > toys
- Boy - > boys
- Cowboy - > cowboys
- Day - > days
- Tray - > trays
- Runway - > runways
- Chimney - > chimneys
- Trolley - > trolleys
- Valley - > valleys

Nouns ending in - f , is replaced with v then add - es .
- Half - > halves
- Leaf - > leaves
- Shelf - > shelves
- Wolf - > wolves
- Thief - > thieves

Some nouns ending in - f , just added the suffix - s .
- Mike - > chiefs
- Roof - > roofs
- Handkerchief - > handkerchiefs
- Cliff - > cliffs
- Puff - > puffs

And some nouns ending in - f can be used as the plural in two ways above .
- Scarf - > scarfs or scarves
- Hoof - > hoofs or hooves
- Dwarf - > dwarfs or dwarves
- Wharf - > wharfs or wharves

Nouns ending in - fe , then f is replaced with v - s then added .
- Knife - > knives
- Wife - > wives
- Life - > lives
- Midwife - > midwives

Nouns ending in - o , just added the suffix - s .
- Video - > videos
- Hippo - > hippos
- Zoo - > zoos
- Kangaroo - > kangaroos

But some specific nouns ending in - o , if there is a plus made ​​plural suffix - es .
- Tomato - > tomatoes
- Potato - > potatoes
- Hero - > heroes

And there are also a few nouns ending in - o can be used as the plural in two ways above
- Mango - > mangoes or mangos
- Mosquito - > mosquitoes or mosquitos
- Zero - > zeroes or zeros
- Buffalo - > buffaloes or buffalos

Some nouns change spelling if it turns into a plural ( irregular plurals ) .
- Man - > men
- Woman - > women
- Child - > children
- Person - > people
- Mouse - > mice
- Tooth - > teeth
- Foot - > feet
- Goose - > geese

Some nouns have the same form , either singular or plural .
- Sheep - > sheep
- Deer - > deer
- Fish - > fish
- Aircraft - > aircraft
- Salmon - > salmon


The word fish ( Collectively ) when used to declare the type ( individuals or kinds ) then its plural form using fishes .
- The list of endangered species includes nearly 600 fishes .

Some nouns are always plural form , eg trousers , glasses , shorts , spectacles , jeans , goggles , pants , scissors , tights , binoculars , pajamas , pliers . Use a pair of to make it to the singular noun .
- A pair of binoculars -a pair of spectacles
- A pair of jeans


In compound words , nouns its (main words) used to form the plural .
- Mother-in -law - > mothers - in-law
- Passerby - > passersby
- Sister - in-law - > sisters - in-law

If there is no noun or noun in compound words add the suffix - s .
- Mix - ups - > mix - ups
- Takeoff - > takeoffs

If the compound words ending in - ful , just add the suffix - s .
- Cupful - > cupfuls

Noun form of numbers , letters can be a plural form by adding apostrophes ( ' ) and s .
- How many 3 's make- 9 ?
- There are two m 's in ' comma ' .

Some nouns are derived from outside the English language ( Latin , Greek , etc. . ) Has its own plural ( irregular plural ) follows the language of origin.
- The nucleus - > nuclei
- Syllabus - > syllabi
- Focus - > foci ( focuses )
- Fungus - > fungi
- Cactus - > cacti ( cactuses )
- Thesis - > theses
- Crisis - > crises
- Phenomenon - > phenomena
- Index - > indices ( indexes )
- Appendix - > Appendices ( appendixes )
- Criterion - > criteria
- Analysis - > analyzes
- Axis - > axes
- Bacterium - > bacteria
- Parenthesis - > parentheses
- Datum - > Data
- Alumnus - > Alumni


Related Links
Parts of Speech
nouns
Common nouns
Proper nouns
Compound nouns
Collective nouns
material nouns
Concrete and Abstract Nouns
Countable and uncountable nouns
The Gender of Nouns
noun Endings
Agent , Recipient , and diminutive nouns
Compound Words
possessive nouns
Possessive ' s
The Function of Nouns in Sentences
noun Case
noun + noun

http://catatanbahasainggris.blogspot.com/2009/02/singular-and-plural-nouns.html

 

perusahaan yang telah menerapkan etika utilitarisme dan sepak terjangnya

ETIKA UTILITARISME DALAM BISNIS

Dikembangkan pertama kali oleh Jeremi Bentham (1748 – 1832). Adalah tentang bagaimana menilai baik buruknya suatu kebijaksanaan sosial politik, ekonomi, dan legal secara moral. Utilitarianisme : asal dari kata Utilitas (U), yang berarti useful, yang berguna, yang berfaedah adalah, paham ini menilai baik atau tidaknya susila atau sesuatu, ditinjau dari segi kegunaan faedah yang didatangkan.
Utilitarianisme (utilisme) sebagai suatu ilmu/paham pada garis besarnya dibagi atas dua jenis: utilisme individual, suatu paham yang menganggap bahwa seorang itu boleh bersikap sesuai dengan situasi yang menguntungkan dirinya. Jadi boleh berpura-pura hormat, bersikap menjilat asalkan perbuatan itu membawa keuntungan (guns) bagi individu. Jenis kedua utilisme social, pada prinsipnya hampir sama dengan utilitisme individu, bedanya karena yang dihadapi adalah umum, orang banyak. Demi untuk kepentingan orang banyak, tidak apa berdusta sedikit, tidak apa bersikap hormat, tidak apa bermulut manis dan sebagainya.

Kalau egoisme menilai baik atau burukaya. suatu tindakan berdasarkan baik atau buruknya tujuan dan akibat dari tindakan itu bagi diri sendiri, maka utilitarianisme menilai baik atau buruknya suatu tindakan berdasarkan tujuan dan akibat dari tindakan itu bagi sebanyak mungkin orang.

Kriteria dan Prinsip Etika Utilitarianisme

1. Manfaat , bahwa kebijakan atau tindakan tertentu dapat mendatangkan manfaat atau kegunaan tertentu.
2. Manfaat terbesar, sama halnya seperti diatas, mendatangkan manfaat yang lebih besar dalam situasi yang lebih besar. Tujuannya meminimisasikan kerugian sekecil mungkin.
3. Pertanyaan mengenai manfaat, manfaatnya untuk siapa ? Saya, dia, mereka, atau kita.

Kriteria yang sekaligus menjadi pegangan objektif etika utilitarianisme adalah manfaat terbesar bagi sebanyak mungkin orang. Dengan kata lain, kebijakan atau tindakan yang baik dan tepat dari segi etis menurut Utilitarianisme adalah kebijakan atau tindakan yang membawa manfaat terbesar bagi sebanyak mungkin orang atau tindakan yang memberika kerugian bagi sekecil orang / kelompok tertentu.

4. Atas dasar ketiga Kriteria tersebut, etika Utilitarianisme memiliki tiga pegangan yaitu :
   1.Tindakan yang baik dan tepat secara moral

2.Tindakan yang bermanfaat besar

3.Manfaat yang paling besar untuk paling banyak orang.

                                                      

Nilai Positif Etika Utilitarianisme

a.Rasionlitasnya.

Prinsip moral yang diajukan oleh etika ultilitarinisme tidak didasarakan pada aturan – aturan kaku yang mungkin tidak kita pahami.

b. Universalitas.

Mengutamakan manfaat atau akibat baik dari suatu tindakan bagi banyak orang yang melakukan tindakan itu.

Dasar pemikirannya adalah bahwa kepentingan orang sama bobotnya. Artinya yang baik bagi saya, yang baik juga bagi orang lain.

Will Kymlicka, menegaskan bahwa etika ultilitarinisme mempunyai 2 daya tarik yaitu :
a. Etika ultilitarinisme sejalan dengan instuisi moral semua manusia bahwa kesejahterahan manusi adalah yang paling pokok bagi etika dan moralitas

B. Etika ultilitarinisme sejalan dengan instuisi kita bahwa semua kaidah moral dan tujuan tindakan manusia harus dipertimbangkan, dinilai dn diuji berdsarkan akibatnya bagi kesejahterahan manusia.

Etika Ultilitarinisme sebagai Proses dan Standar Penilaian

Etika ultilitarinisme juga dipakai sebagai standar penilaian bagi tindakan atau kebijakan yang telah dilakukan. Keriteria – keriteria di atas dipakai sebagai penilai untuk mengetahui apakah tindakan atau kebijakan itu baik atau tidk untuk dijalankan. Yang paling pokok adalah tindakan atau kebijakan yng telah terjadi berdasarkan akibat dan konsekuensinya yaitu sejauh mana ia menghasilkan hasil terbaik bagi banyak orang.

Sebagai penilaian atas tindakan atau kebijakasanaan yang sudah terjadi, criteria etika ultilitarinisme dapat juga sekligus berfungsi sebagai sasaran atau tujuan ketika kebijaksanaan atau program tertentu yng telah dijalankan itu akan direvisi.

Analisis keuntungan dan kerugian

Etika ultilitarinisme sangat cocok dipakai untuk membuat perencanaan dan evaluasi bagi tindakan atau kebijakan yang berkaitan dengan orang banyak. Dipakai secara sadar atau tidaak sadar dalam bidang ekonomi, social, politik yang menyangkut kepentinagan orang banyak.

Kelemahan Etika Ultilitarinisme

• Manfaat merupakan sebuah konsep yang begitu luas sehingga dalam praktiknya malah menimbulkan kesulitan yang tidak sedikit. Karena manfaat manusia berbeda yang 1 dengan yanag lainnya.
• Persoalan klasik yang lebih filosofis adalah bahwa etika ultilitarinisme tidak pernaah menganggap serius suatu tindakan pada dirinya sendiri dan hanya memperhatikan nilai dari suatu tindakan sejauh kaitan dengan akibatnya. Padahal, sangat mungkin terjadi suatu tindaakan pada dasarnya tidak baik, tetapi ternyata mendatangkan keuntungan atau manfaat.
• Etika ultilitarinisme tidak pernah menganggap serius kemauan atau motivasi baik seseorang
• Variable yang dinilai tidaak semuanya bisa dikuantifikasi. Karena itu sulit mengukur dan membandingkan keuntungan dan kerugian hanya berdasarkan variable yang ada.
• Kesulitan dalam menentukan prioritas mana yang paling diutamakan.
• Bahwa etika ultilitarinisme membenarkan hak kelompok minoritas tertentu dikorbankan demi kepentingn mayoritas. Yang artinya etika ultilitarinisme membenarkan penindasan dan ketidakadilan demi manfaat yang lebih bagi sekelompok orang.

PT Freeport Indonesia (PTFI) merupakan perusahaan afiliasi dari Freeport-McMoRan Copper & Gold Inc.. PTFI menambang, memproses dan melakukan eksplorasi terhadap bijih yang mengandung tembaga, emas dan perak. Beroperasi di daerah dataran tinggi di Kabupaten Mimika Provinsi Papua, Indonesia. Kami memasarkan konsentrat yang mengandung tembaga, emas dan perak ke seluruh penjuru dunia.
PT Freeport Indonesia merupakan jenis perusahaan multinasional (MNC),yaitu perusahaan internasional atau transnasional yang berkantor pusat di satu negara tetapi kantor cabang di berbagai negara maju dan berkembang..

Contoh kasus pelanggaran etika yang dilakukan oleh PT. Freeport Indonesia :
• Mogoknya hampir seluruh pekerja PT Freeport Indonesia (FI) tersebut disebabkan perbedaan indeks standar gaji yang diterapkan oleh manajemen pada operasional Freeport di seluruh dunia. Pekerja Freeport di Indonesia diketahui mendapatkan gaji lebih rendah daripada pekerja Freeport di negara lain untuk level jabatan yang sama. Gaji sekarang per jam USD 1,5–USD 3. Padahal, bandingan gaji di negara lain mencapai USD 15–USD 35 per jam. Sejauh ini, perundingannya masih menemui jalan buntu. Manajemen Freeport bersikeras menolak tuntutan pekerja, entah apa dasar pertimbangannya.
• Biaya CSR kepada sedikit rakyat Papua yang digembor-gemborkan itu pun tidak seberapa karena tidak mencapai 1 persen keuntungan bersih PT FI. Malah rakyat Papua membayar lebih mahal karena harus menanggung akibat berupa kerusakan alam serta punahnya habitat dan vegetasi Papua yang tidak ternilai itu. Biaya reklamasi tersebut tidak akan bisa ditanggung generasi Papua sampai tujuh turunan. Selain bertentangan dengan PP 76/2008 tentang Kewajiban Rehabilitasi dan Reklamasi Hutan, telah terjadi bukti paradoksal sikap Freeport (Davis, G.F., et.al., 2006).
Kestabilan siklus operasional Freeport, diakui atau tidak, adalah barometer penting kestabilan politik koloni Papua. Induksi ekonomi yang terjadi dari berputarnya mesin anak korporasi raksasa Freeport-McMoran tersebut di kawasan Papua memiliki magnitude luar biasa terhadap pergerakan ekonomi kawasan, nasional, bahkan global.

Sebagai perusahaan berlabel MNC (multinational company) yang otomatis berkelas dunia, apalagi umumnya korporasi berasal dari AS, pekerja adalah bagian dari aset perusahaan. Menjaga hubungan baik dengan pekerja adalah suatu keharusan. Sebab, di situlah terjadi hubungan mutualisme satu dengan yang lain. Perusahaan membutuhkan dedikasi dan loyalitas agar produksi semakin baik, sementara pekerja membutuhkan komitmen manajemen dalam hal pemberian gaji yang layak.
Pemerintah dalam hal ini pantas malu. Sebab, hadirnya MNC di Indonesia terbukti tidak memberikan teladan untuk menghindari perselisihan soal normatif yang sangat mendasar. Kebijakan dengan memberikan diskresi luar biasa kepada PT FI, privilege berlebihan, ternyata sia-sia.

Berkali-kali perjanjian kontrak karya dengan PT FI diperpanjang kendati bertentangan dengan UU Nomor 11/1967 tentang Ketentuan-Ketentuan Pokok Pertambangan dan sudah diubah dengan UU Nomor 4/2009 tentang Minerba. Alasan yang dikemukakan hanya klasik, untuk menambah kocek negara. Padahal, tidak terbukti secara signifikan sumbangan PT FI benar-benar untuk negara. Kalimat yang lebih tepat, sebetulnya, sumbangan Freeport untuk negara Amerika, bukan Indonesia.

Justru negara ini tampak dibodohi luar biasa karena PT FI berizin penambangan tembaga, namun mendapat bahan mineral lain, seperti emas, perak, dan konon uranium. Bahan-bahan itu dibawa langsung ke luar negeri dan tidak mengalami pengolahan untuk meningkatkan value di Indonesia. Ironisnya, PT FI bahkan tidak listing di bursa pasar modal Indonesia, apalagi Freeport-McMoran sebagai induknya.
Keuntungan berlipat justru didapatkan oleh PT FI dengan hanya sedikit memberikan pajak PNBP kepada Indonesia atau sekadar PPh badan dan pekerja lokal serta beberapa tenaga kerja asing (TKA). Optimis penulis, karena PT FI memiliki pesawat dan lapangan terbang sendiri, jumlah pasti TKA itu tidak akan bisa diketahui oleh pihak imigrasi.

Kasus PT. Freeport Indonesia ditinjau dari berbagai teori etika bisnis :
• Teori etika utilitarianisme
Berasal dari bahasa latin utilis yang berarti “bermanfaat”.
Menurut teori ini suatu perbuatan adalah baik jika membawa manfaat, tapi manfaat itu harus menyangkut bukan saja satu dua orang melainkan masyarakat sebagai keseluruhan.
Berdasarkan teori utilitarianisme, PT.Freeport Indonesia dalam hal ini sangat bertentangan karena keuntungan yang di dapat tidak digunakan untuk mensejahterakan masyarakat sekitar, melainkan untuk Negara Amerika.
• Teori Hak
Dalam pemikiran moral dewasa ini barangkali teori hak ini adalah pendekatan yang paling banyak dipakai untuk mengevaluasi baik buruknya suatu perbuatan atau perilaku.
Teori Hak merupakan suatu aspek dari teori deontologi, karena berkaitan dengan kewajiban. Hak dan kewajiban bagaikan dua sisi uang logam yang sama.
Hak didasarkan atas martabat manusia dan martabat semua manusia itu sama. Karena itu hak sangat cocok dengan suasana pemikiran demokratis.
Dalam kasus ini, PT Freeport Indonesia sangat tidak etis dimana kewajiban terhadap para karyawan tidak terpenuhi karena gaji yang diterima tidak layak dibandingkan dengan pekerja Freeport di Negara lain. Padahal PT Freeport Indonesia merupakan tambang emas dengan kualitas emas terbaik di dunia.

http://diahaja.wordpress.com/2010/12/18/etika-utilitarisme-dalam-bisnis/